Pored toga: 

• Očekuje se da će  broj slučajeva KVB porasti na 2,8 miliona do 2025.⁶
• Novih 300 000 slučajeva raka dijagnostikuje se svake godine⁶
• Kod 4,05 miliona ljudi u Velikoj Britaniji je dijagnostikovan dijabetes⁷ 
• 70% potrošnje Nacionalne zdravstvene službe odlazi na osobe sa hroničnim medicinskim problemima⁶

Smanjenje zdravstvenih rizika

Sposobnost pojedinca da reaguje na svoju okolinu poznata je kao „kapacitet prilagodjavanja“ ili „plastičnost“. Smatra se da je plastičnost najveća tokom prvih 1000 dana života10, zbog čega faktori životne sredine takođe mogu imati najveći uticaj tokom ovog perioda^2,3.

Prvih 1000 dana: prozor mogućnosti

Prvih 1000 dana bebinog života, od začeća do drugog rođendana, ključni su za određivanje njenog doživotnog zdravlja^12,13. Tada faktori sredine – poput ishrane – mogu uticati na organe i sisteme tela koji se brzo razvijaju^2,3.

‘Prvih 1000 dana partnerstva’ je svetska inicijativa koja promoviše pozitivne akcije za poboljšanje ishrane majki i njihove dece tokom ovog kritičnog perioda^12,13.

Programiranje ishrane u ranom životu

Mnogi faktori životne sredine utiču na kasnije zdravlje, ali ishrana i izloženost određenim namernicama u ranom životu su posebno značajni². Pravim izborima u ishrani od začeća do uzrasta malog deteta, majke mogu značajno promeniti dugoročno zdravlje svoje dece. Sve je više dokaza da programiranje ishrane u ranom životu (ELNP) može uticati i na fiziologiju i na ponašanje.
 

Uticaji na ponašanje

• Utiče na rane navike hranjenja¹⁴
• Utiče na prihvatanje određenih ukusa^15,16
• Utiče na prihvatanje različitih tekstura hrane^17,18

Fiziološki uticaj 

• Metabolički – procesi se mogu uspostaviti tokom ranog života, određujući kako telo uči da razgrađuje, apsorbuje i koristi hranljive materije za doživotni rast i razvoj¹⁹.
• Imunološki – može postojati uticaj na razvoj imunološkog sistema, što utiče na budući rizik od astme i alergijskih bolesti²⁰.
• Kognitivni – može postojati uticaj na razvoj mozga, sa potencijalnim dugoročnim efektima na kognitivne funkcije i ponašanje²¹.

Reference

1. Gluckman P. Article in Medical Tribune: Impact of early-life nutrition on NCD development in adulthood 2013. http://enews.mims.com/landingpages/mt/pdf/Medical_Tribune_February_2013_HK.pdf [Accessed Nov 2016]
2. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. The influence of maternal, fetal and child nutrition on the development of chronic disease in later life. London: TSO, 2011.
3. British Nutrition Foundation Task Force. Nutrition and Development: short and long term consequences for health. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
4. World Health Organisation. Global status report on non-communicable diseases
5. 2014. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/148114/1/9789241564854_eng.pdf?ua=1 [Accessed Nov 2016]
6. Murray et al., UK health performance: findings of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, The Lancet, Volume 381, Issue 9871, Pages 997 – 1020, 23 March 2013
7. The King’s Fund. Non-communicable diseases [Online]. Available at: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/time-to-think-differently/trends/disease-and-disability/non-communicable-diseases [Accessed Nov 2016]
8. Diabetes UK. Number of people with diabetes reaches over 4 million (online). Available from: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/About_us/News/Number-of-people-with-diabetes-reaches-over-4-million/ (Accessed Nov 2016)
9. Hochberg Z et al. Child Health, Developmental Plasticity, and Epigenetic Programming. Endocrine Reviews 2011;32:159-224.
10. Hanson,M. et al. Developmental plasticity and developmental origins of non- communicable disease: Theoretical considerations and epigenetic mechanisms. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2011:106.1
11. Hanson MA, Low FM, Gluckman PD. Epigenetic epidemiology: the rebirth of soft inheritance. Ann Nutr Metab 2011;58(2):8-15
12. NHS Digital. National Child Measurement Programme – England, 2015-16. Available from: http://content.digital.nhs.uk/article/2021/Website-Search?productid=23381&q=obese+children&sort=Relevance&size=10&page=1&area=both#top [accessed Dec 2016]
13. National Childbirth Trust. First 1000 days [Online]. Available at: https://www.nct.org.uk/about-us/first-1000-days [Accessed Nov 2016]
14. 1,000 Days. Why 1,000 days? [online]. Available at: https://thousanddays.org/why-1000-days/ [Accessed Nov 2016]
15. Scaglioni et al. Determinants of children’s eating behavior. Am J Clin 2011;94(6):2006s-2011s
16. Mennella et al. Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants. Pediatrics 2001;107:e88
17. Sullivan SA and Birch LL. Infant dietary experience and acceptance of solid foods. Pediatrics 1994;93(2):271-7
18. Lundy B et al. Food texture preferences in infants versus toddlers. Early Child Dev Care 1998;146:69-85
19. Northstone K et al. The effect of age of introduction to lumpy solids on foods eaten and reported feeding difficulties at 6 and 15 months. J Hum Nutr. Diet 2001;14:43-54
20. Lillycrop KA. Effect of maternal diet on the epigenome: implications for human metabolic disease. Proc Nutr Soc 2011;70(1):64-72.
21. Martin R et al. Early life: gut microbiota and immune development in infancy. Benef Microbes 2010;1(4):367-82.
22. Schlotz W and Phillips DI. Fetal origins of mental health: evidence and mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun 2009;23(7):905-16.